Beryllium
General:
Name: Beryllium
Type: Alkali Metal
Density @ 293 K: 1.848 g/cm3
Type: Alkali Metal
Density @ 293 K: 1.848 g/cm3
Symbol: Be
Atomic weight: 9.01218
Atomic volume: 4.9 cm3/mol
Atomic weight: 9.01218
Atomic volume: 4.9 cm3/mol
States
State (s, l, g): solid
Melting point: 1551.2 K (1278 oC)
Melting point: 1551.2 K (1278 oC)
Boiling point: 2742 K (2469 oC)
Appearance
Structure: hcp: hexagonal close packed
Hardness: 5.5 mohs
Hardness: 5.5 mohs
Color: steel gray
Harmful effects:
Beryllium and its salts are both toxic and carcinogenic.
Harmful effects:
Beryllium and its salts are both toxic and carcinogenic.
Reactions & Compounds
Reaction with air: vigourous, w/ht ⇒ BeO, Be3N2
Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
Oxide(s): BeO3
Hydride(s): BeH2
Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
Oxide(s): BeO3
Hydride(s): BeH2
Reaction with 6 M HCl: mild ⇒ H2
Reaction with 6 M NaOH: mild ⇒ H2, [Be(OH)4]2
Chloride(s): BeCl2
Reaction with 6 M NaOH: mild ⇒ H2, [Be(OH)4]2
Chloride(s): BeCl2
Radius
Atomic radius: 112 pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 45 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 45 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Conductivity
Thermal conductivity: 200 W m-1 K-1
Electrical conductivity: 0.25 x 106 S cm-1
Energies
Specific heat capacity: 1.82 J g-1 K-1
Heat of fusion: 7.895 kJ mol-1
1st ionization energy: 899.5 kJ mol-1
3rd ionization energy: 14848.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of fusion: 7.895 kJ mol-1
1st ionization energy: 899.5 kJ mol-1
3rd ionization energy: 14848.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of atomization: 324 kJ mol-1
Heat of vaporization: 297 kJ mol-1
2nd ionization energy: 1757.1 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity: 0 kJ mol-1
Heat of vaporization: 297 kJ mol-1
2nd ionization energy: 1757.1 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity: 0 kJ mol-1
Oxidation & Electrons
Shells: 2,2
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Min. common oxidation no.: 0
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 1.57
Minimum oxidation number: 0
Min. common oxidation no.: 0
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 1.57
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2
Maximum oxidation number: 2
Max. common oxidation no.: 2
Polarizability volume: 5.6 Å3
Maximum oxidation number: 2
Max. common oxidation no.: 2
Polarizability volume: 5.6 Å3
Characteristics:
Beryllium is light, silver-gray, relatively soft metal that is strong but brittle.
Beryllium has the highest melting point of the light metals, melting at 1278 oC - considerably higher than, for example, Lithium (180 oC) Sodium (98 oC) Magnesium (650 oC) Aluminium (660 oC) or Calcium (839 oC).
Under normal conditions, a thin layer of the hard oxide BeO forms on beryllium's surface, protecting the metal from further attack by water or air.
As a result of this BeO layer, beryllium does not oxidize in air even at 600oC and it resists corrosion by concentrated nitric acid.
Beryllium also has high thermal conductivity and is nonmagnetic.
Uses:
Unlike most metals, beryllium is virtually transparent to x-rays and hence it is used in radiation windows for x-ray tubes.
Beryllium alloys are used in the aerospace industry as light-weight materials for high performance aircraft, satellites and spacecraft.
Beryllium is used as an alloy with copper to make spark-proof tools.
Beryllium is also used in nuclear reactors as a reflector and absorber of neutrons, a shield and a moderator.
Beryllium is light, silver-gray, relatively soft metal that is strong but brittle.
Beryllium has the highest melting point of the light metals, melting at 1278 oC - considerably higher than, for example, Lithium (180 oC) Sodium (98 oC) Magnesium (650 oC) Aluminium (660 oC) or Calcium (839 oC).
Under normal conditions, a thin layer of the hard oxide BeO forms on beryllium's surface, protecting the metal from further attack by water or air.
As a result of this BeO layer, beryllium does not oxidize in air even at 600oC and it resists corrosion by concentrated nitric acid.
Beryllium also has high thermal conductivity and is nonmagnetic.
Uses:
Unlike most metals, beryllium is virtually transparent to x-rays and hence it is used in radiation windows for x-ray tubes.
Beryllium alloys are used in the aerospace industry as light-weight materials for high performance aircraft, satellites and spacecraft.
Beryllium is used as an alloy with copper to make spark-proof tools.
Beryllium is also used in nuclear reactors as a reflector and absorber of neutrons, a shield and a moderator.
Abundance & Isotopes
Abundance earth's crust: 2.8 parts per million by weight, 4.6 parts per million by moles
Abundance solar system: parts per billion by weight, parts per billion by moles
Cost, pure: $748 per 100g
Cost, bulk: $93 per 100g
Source: The mineral beryl, Be3Al2(SiO3)6 is the most important source of beryllium. Commercially it is produced by the reduction of the fluoride with magnesium metal.
Isotopes: Beryllium has nine isotopes with known half-lives. 9Be is the only stable isotope. Cosmogenic 10Be (half-life 1.51 million years) is produced in the atmosphere by the impact of cosmic rays on oxygen and nitrogen.
Abundance solar system: parts per billion by weight, parts per billion by moles
Cost, pure: $748 per 100g
Cost, bulk: $93 per 100g
Source: The mineral beryl, Be3Al2(SiO3)6 is the most important source of beryllium. Commercially it is produced by the reduction of the fluoride with magnesium metal.
Isotopes: Beryllium has nine isotopes with known half-lives. 9Be is the only stable isotope. Cosmogenic 10Be (half-life 1.51 million years) is produced in the atmosphere by the impact of cosmic rays on oxygen and nitrogen.
Discovery of beryllium
In 1798, France, René Haüy saw similarities in the crystal structures and properties of beryl and emerald. Beryl is a mineral that may appear in a number of different colors. Emerald is a green gem.
Haüy wondered if they could be made of the same elements. He approached Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, chemist specializing in analysis, and asked him committed to their compositions.
Until then, the emerald was believed to be mainly a compound of alumina and silica. Vauquelin discovered a substance in the emerald and beryl that both, although similar in some respects to alumina, reacted differently Some reagents. For example, the new substance unlikable alumina dissolved in ammonium carbonate et ses sels had a sweet taste.
In fact, Vauquelin discovered the substance we now call beryllium oxide (BeO). In 1760, Louis de Morveau proposed alumina contained a new metal element. Similarly Vauquelin Project Contained Beryllium metal is now a new earth.
Vauquelin originally called "land of beryl. His new element The sweet taste of salt then led to the new element was named 'glyceynum "," beryllium oxide, "then or' beryllium oxide. The Greek "Glykis' Mean 'soft' and is the source of our word" glucose ".
Beryllium was isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler in Germany and, independently, Antoine Bussy in France. The two chemists reacted with potassium chloride in a platinum crucible beryllium produces potassium chloride and beryllium.
Wöhler was unhappy with the name of the new element had been given, preferring beryllium from the Greek word "beryllos," Meaning of the mineral beryl.
Wöhler compatriot, Martin Klaproth, had already stressed in 1801 that the yttria aussi forms salts sweet. A name derived from 'beryllos "would be likely to cause less confusion of a derivative of' Glykis. Klaproth also noted that a genus of plants has already been called beryllium oxide.
Bussy, however, preferred to call the new element "beryllium".
Finally, in 1949, beryllium thing that the IUPAC name of the item and the decision became official in 1957.
Beryllium played an important role in proving the existence of neutrons. In 1932, James Chadwick bombarded a sample of beryllium with alpha rays (helium nuclei). He bombed the observed sample that has made a subatomic particle, no goal HAD load mass. This was the neutron neutral particles.
In 1798, France, René Haüy saw similarities in the crystal structures and properties of beryl and emerald. Beryl is a mineral that may appear in a number of different colors. Emerald is a green gem.
Haüy wondered if they could be made of the same elements. He approached Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, chemist specializing in analysis, and asked him committed to their compositions.
Until then, the emerald was believed to be mainly a compound of alumina and silica. Vauquelin discovered a substance in the emerald and beryl that both, although similar in some respects to alumina, reacted differently Some reagents. For example, the new substance unlikable alumina dissolved in ammonium carbonate et ses sels had a sweet taste.
In fact, Vauquelin discovered the substance we now call beryllium oxide (BeO). In 1760, Louis de Morveau proposed alumina contained a new metal element. Similarly Vauquelin Project Contained Beryllium metal is now a new earth.
Vauquelin originally called "land of beryl. His new element The sweet taste of salt then led to the new element was named 'glyceynum "," beryllium oxide, "then or' beryllium oxide. The Greek "Glykis' Mean 'soft' and is the source of our word" glucose ".
Beryllium was isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler in Germany and, independently, Antoine Bussy in France. The two chemists reacted with potassium chloride in a platinum crucible beryllium produces potassium chloride and beryllium.
Wöhler was unhappy with the name of the new element had been given, preferring beryllium from the Greek word "beryllos," Meaning of the mineral beryl.
Wöhler compatriot, Martin Klaproth, had already stressed in 1801 that the yttria aussi forms salts sweet. A name derived from 'beryllos "would be likely to cause less confusion of a derivative of' Glykis. Klaproth also noted that a genus of plants has already been called beryllium oxide.
Bussy, however, preferred to call the new element "beryllium".
Finally, in 1949, beryllium thing that the IUPAC name of the item and the decision became official in 1957.
Beryllium played an important role in proving the existence of neutrons. In 1932, James Chadwick bombarded a sample of beryllium with alpha rays (helium nuclei). He bombed the observed sample that has made a subatomic particle, no goal HAD load mass. This was the neutron neutral particles.
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